When Chet attended Union College in Schenectady, N.Y., he helped throw the school bell into the Erie Canal as a prank. See. PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 1880. Often, a Garfield and Arthur band was playing near the front porch when visitors arrived, adding excitement to the air. There can be follow-ups in October, November, December, and beyond." 5. John Tylerthe Tyler of the campaign slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"became president on the death of his predecessor, but later had a falling out with the Whigs. Beginning with Barack Obamas. You basically had to sell a castle to the enemy. James A. Garfield. ' Already subscribed? As . Cant I just stick it straight on my head like I always do?. She was launched in August 1776. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Perhaps inspired by Andrew Jacksons successful leveraging of popular appeal to win the presidency in 1828, campaign operations in the following decades often worked to portray their candidate as a hard-working man of the people. To modern eyes, some of the efforts come across as gimmicky at best. Was referred to as a doughface, for being a northerner with southern sympathies and also for having chocolate chips embedded in his cheeks. New York, August 6, 1880. All five children of his went on to be very successful in their respective careers. He spoke instead to the identities and the aspirations of those gathered before him. He supported the use of technology to boost Americas agriculture yield. The 1880 surprise presidential nomination of Ohioan James A. Garfield by the Republicans resulted in a campaign that, unlike any before it, regularly brought citizens and candidate face-to-face. The spirit should never grow old. Well, I tell you, that, if Im elected president, I will Fillmore!. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. The South could wear pointy headed ghost costumes, even when it wasnt Halloween. , meant to portray Ashbrook as the only Republican not turning leftward politically. James A. Garfield. Under his leadership the United States fought the Mexican War (1846-48) and acquired vast territories along the Pacific coast and in the Southwest. This president's slogans of "Hope" and "Change We Can Believe In" earned A's from marketing experts. The presidential campaign revealed few differences between the candidates, except for the tariff. This is a not insignificant amount! [This Fun Ulysses S. Grant Fact has been sponsored by Shark Tale, the hit new Dreamworks animated comedy starring Will Smith, coming to theaters everywhere September 2004!]. Must be the NWO agenda. etc. James A. Garfield. Funny, President Trump seems to have many overlapping ideas with Hayes and Garfield. Created the modern territory of Utah, with the agreement that the federal government would leave the Mormons alone, if they, in exchange, agreed to be ridiculously nice to everybody, even the South Park guys. HENRY JAMES American-born author of 20 novels, 112 stories, and 12 plays PART ONE The Fundamentals of Success Learn the fundamentals of the game and stick to them. if ( 'querySelector' in document && 'addEventListener' in window ) { Campaign slogan: "Garrfffieeeeeeldd!" Made president as reward for receiving first-place in a Rutherford B. Hayes Lookalike Contest. And while we have life to meet and grasp the hand of a comrade, we will stand by the great truths of the war. When Republicans convened in Chicago in June 1880, the fight for the nomination stood between former President Ulysses S. Grant, a Stalwart, and James G. Blaine, the Half-Breed senator from Maine. Through the years, there have been many notable ones used by those running for office. We have seen the white men betray the flag and fight to kill the Union; but in all that long, dreary war we never saw a traitor in a black skin. . (Illustration: Library of Congress / LC-USZC2-2317). Fervently opposed the 14th Amendment on the grounds that it may someday allow Ted Cruz to become president. James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur as the Republican party candidates for President and Vice President. In fact, Republican senator and 1996 presidential candidate Bob Dole shared a similar affinity for punctuation. Most relevant to Fridays logo analysis, the 1852 election saw Franklin Pierce promising America, We Polk-ed You in 44. Soon, the candidate would pass through the vestibule doors leading from the interior of his home to his porch. And now that we havemade them free, so long as we live we will stand by these black allies. Another questionable deed during his time . (Original Caption) Presidential campaign poster for James Garfield and Chester Arthur, with the slogans: "Our Nation's Choice"; "Harmony, Peace, and Prosperity"; and "Our Nation's Honor will be Preserved." Poster shows portraits of Garfield and Arthur surrounded by female figures holding laurel wreaths . In fact, Republican senator and 1996 presidential candidate Bob Dole shared a similar affinity for punctuation. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, James A. Garfield: Campaigns and Elections, Notice of Non-Discrimination and Equal Opportunity. (Photo: Library of Congress / LC-DIG-ppmsca-28889). Finally, its understandable to think Trump competitor John Ellis Jeb! Bush was the first to include an ill-advised exclamation point in his logo, given the pummeling he took in the media for it. [Applause.] made it appear as if the No symbol applied to both the left turn and his name. According to a press release from the Nebraska State Patrol, Washington County sheriff's deputies responded to a call for a welfare check in Arlington on Friday afternoon. I respect the traditions that require me to speak only of those themes which elevate us all. James Garfield was elected as the United States' 20th President in 1881, after nine terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. Arriving at his Mentor farm after his nomination at Chicago, Garfield was greeted by crowds of citizens. Trumps Make America Great Again, deliberately evokes Ronald Reagans 1980 campaign slogan Lets Make America Great Again. While Reagans campaigns demonstrated a widely-acknowledged mastery of political messaging, many, many candidatesboth successful and faileddidnt share the Gipper campaigns aptitude for sloganeering. We will stand by them until the sun of liberty, fixed in the firmament of our Constitution, shall shine with equal ray upon every man, black or white, throughout the Union. Garfield, head of the Ohio delegation and chairman of the Convention Rules Committee, backed Treasury Secretary John Sherman of Ohio, a veteran of both the House and the Senate. Soon after the great struggle began, we looked behind the army of white rebels, and saw 4,000,000 of black people condemned to toil as slaves for our enemies; and we found that the hearts of these 4,000,000 were God-inspired with the spirit of Liberty, and that they were all our friends. On August 5, he met with party leaders, though not Conkling, in New York City. Gentlemen, ideas outlive men; ideas outlive all earthly things. But when the invitation totally went viral, way more people showed up than he was expecting. An estimated 15,000 to 17,000 citizens traveled to Mentor, Ohio (population: 540) to see and hear Garfield. In the strength of your hands, in the fervor of your hearts, in the firmness of your faith, in all that betokens greatness of manhood and nobleness of character, the Republic finds its security and glory. The Garfield Round-Up is a two-year campaign, so Cub Scout recruiting doesn't necessarily end with the roundup night, Rick Williamson emphasized. In his terms of surrender with Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House, Lee and Grant agreed to the following terms: The South would be allowed to cook fried, buttery, delicious food, with the stipulation that the food would also slowly cause obesity, lethargy, and eventually death. First, we have Whig candidate William Henry Harrison, who in 1840 integrated his partys commoner-centric log cabin imagery into what some consider the first modern political campaign. Subscription is pre-paid and auto-renews monthly for $5.99/month until canceled. The spirit should never grow old. (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). Home; Monthly Archives: December 2012 Vice FOR Slogans PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 1880. If you are not too large for the place you occupy, you are too small for it. We Shall Pierce You in 52. Pierce, considered a longshot for the presidency, hoped that by associating himself with James Knox Polk, another dark horse who ended up a very popular president, voters would be convinced that another vote for the underdog would lead to another prosperous four years. F for Effort. Campaign slogans should also be memorable and concise. "Because of excitement created in the community by Garfield, recruiting might not just happen on that one night. Also a trained anthropologist, Hurston collected folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms. followed by the right just beating the left senseless with it. Promised to only serve one term as president, and followed through, intentionally achieving what many other presidents have achieved accidentally. The Campaign and Election of 1880: Since President Rutherford B. Hayes had declared that he was only going to serve one term (1877-1881), the 1880 election was wide open. When Samuel J. Tilden, former New York governor and the Democratic nominee in 1876, withdrew his name from consideration, the Democrats nominated Winfield S. Hancock, a Civil War hero and career Army officer. [Applause.] James A. or other photographs. Nominees did not travel from state to state or city to city to tell voters that they had the solutions for the countrys problems. To this audience, composed of the many who had helped to form the fabric of his being, he offered these thoughts: Here are the school-fellows of twenty-eight years ago. Had New York gone Democratic, resulting in a shift of a few thousand votes in each state, Hancock would have won in the electoral college. While the majority of syndicated strips could easily be understood by an eight-year-old, there was one strip that went right over my head. he liked to be known by this abbreviation, which was used in the campaign slogan, "All the way with LBJ"; later it would be used in the Anti-Vietnam War political slogan . Both Conkling and Garfield knew that the electoral votes in New York might well prove decisive in the election. Campaign Slogan: Dont worry, well get to the Civil War soon, Was born in a Log Cabin. 2023 Atlas Obscura. Roosevelt was never shy about his service with his Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War, and several photographs of Roosevelt during the war are well-known. His dad was a clergyman. James Garfield was . A political campaign slogan is a short phrase that best identifies a candidate and their candidacy. Bull and the White House photographer were present at the beginning of the meeting. James K. Polk: Election & Campaign Slogan James K. Polk: Birthplace, Early Life & Education President . Earned the nickname Honest Abe, because Abe is short for Abraham. 27 Woodrow Wilson. Learn more about the campaign on the grounds of James A. Garfield National Historic Site and what visitors . Papers: ca. Official campaign brochure paid for and authortized by the 1976 Democratic . You can become either a Lincoln or a Buchanan, Log cabin moms would tell their log cabin kids. H. Taft - good times, 1908. Lee had to spend an entire lunch period standing in the quad, wearing only a sandwich board reading I Lost the Civil War :( on one side and North Rules, South Drools! on the other. LeBron James Teams Up With PlayStation For PS5 Design And Twitter Has Mixed Feelings. Was the first President to have a telephone in his office, though the full power of such a device in the hands of the president would not become apparent until the invention of the selfie stick. Was alarmed by the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, after it was pointed out to him that, if you look at the initials it spells KKK. As in, the KKK. He had previously served as a member of the U.S. Congress and also as governor of Ohio. Could simultaneously write in Latin with one hand, Greek in the other, Aramaic and Japanese with his feet, and Celtic with his prehensile tail. Be patient. In so far as I represent in my heart and life the great doctrines for which you fought, I accept this demonstration as a tribute to my representative character. Last modified December 15, 2020. . Jim Davis' cartoon 'Garfield the Cat' was named after the creator's father James Garfield Davis who himself was named after President James A. Garfield . Since Garfield was, quite correctly, perceived as tied far more to the Half-Breeds than to the Stalwarts, he immediately realized that he had to mend political fences. Ironically, although McKinley won the election, he was assassinated in 1901. The truth will set you free, but first it will make you miserable. On the next ballot, Garfield received fifty votes. The journalist suggested a new slogan for cyclist campaigns: 'If anyone is looking for a new campaign slogan for cyclists, may I humbly suggest the message on some of the flowers which arrived . Harrison & Tyler campaign emblem, 1840. var googletag = googletag || {}; He came from a very poor family in present-day Cleveland, Ohio. The actor, currently promoting the . Obama's 2008 logo definitely set the standard for initial-based campaign logos, but his campaign didn't invent the concept. Channeled his grief into his work, tearing the country apart with his trainwreck of an administration, just like the country had torn his family apart. Americas manliest president, Teddy Roosevelt, lacked the humble upbringing of Garfield and Harrison, instead leaning on his military service and time in the American West to craft an image of courageous masculinity. Since the 19th century, presidential campaigns have produced posters, buttons, banners, and slogans to promote their candidate, and while a few have become iconic symbols of their erasthink Eisenhowers I Like Ike slogantheres been more than a few unusual choices along the way. James Abram Garfield became the 20th President of the United States in 1881 after serving 9 terms in the House of Representatives as a representative for Ohio. Monopoly es el juego de mesa favorito de Estados Unidos, una carta de amor al capitalismo desenfrenado y a nuestra sociedad de libre mercado. Assist me with serving the class. Like, cant we talk about something less controversial, like movies or sports or war? The trend is not good. Copyright 2023 AMAC, Inc. / AMAC Senior Resources Network. A law is not a law without coercion behind it. AMAC Social Security Guarantee & Social Security Plus. Sign up for the American Experience newsletter! [Applause.] Speech of Gen. James A. Garfield Delivered to the "Boys In Blue". As a teacher, soldier, Congressman, and Republican presidential nominee, James Garfield wrestled with the matter of race. Which 19th-century president focused on slinging mud at his opponent with the unwieldy campaign slogan "Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, the Continental Liar From the State of Maine . Login. It was as difficult an issue for his generation as it is for ours. President James Garfield was only four months into his presidency when he was shot by Charles Guiteau, who claimed that God had instructed him to kill the president. Lily-Rose . also called patronage system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its . Grew up in a cabin made of giant Lincoln Logs. James Garfield was a staunch advocate of civil service reform. The Republican Campaign Text Book for 1880. The political party advocated liberty and unalienable individual rights, as well as expansionism and political equality. George Herbert Walker Bush Elementary School in Addison, Texas; George Bush High School in Richmond, Texas; Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas; G. W. Bush googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; In 1880, James Garfield traveled to Republican party headquarters in New York for a meeting with the leader of the Stalwart faction of the party,Roscoe Conkling. 440 255-8722 I love to deal with doctrines and events. At the time of James Madison's election, the idea of a national campaign had not entered history. When I was a kid, the only page that appealed to me in the newspaper was the comics page. OH James Garfield fell in the canal at least 14 times while working as a mull boy on a canal boat. Their accounts of the welcome Garfield received stimulated interest in his candidacy. The President is the last person in the world to know what the people really want and think. Administration was marred by the Black Friday scandalafter he refused to commit federal troops to enforce a Post-Thanksgiving Three Sony Discman Players For the Price of One sale at a South Carolina Wal-mart. , a polished, professionally designed, preferably initials-only emblem has seemingly become de rigeur for U.S. presidential campaigns. And of all U.S. presidents, he is probably the one who came from absolutely nothing and made his way to the top. 8. Enjoy these seven examples: Tippecanoe and Tyler, too -This memorable campaign slogan was that of William Henry Harrison's in the presidential election of 1840. Our hearts greet you, and we ask you to come in., -Alan Gephardt, Park Ranger, James A. Garfield National Historic Site, (Park Ranger Alan Gephardt wrote this article in January 2016 for the blog of PBSs American Experience to coincide with the February 2 national broadcast of Murder of a President, their excellent documentary about President Garfield and his tragic 1881 assassination. Double-sided with a bold headline on the reverse reading "Can we afford four more years without effective leadership?" which was an obvious swipe at Gerald Ford. Surprisingly, the weirdly aggressive slogan worked. In the Presidential election, Republican Representative James Garfield from Ohio defeated Democratic General Winfield Hancock. For President Teddy the rough rider, his policy equal rights for all, 1904. Each candidate carried nineteen states. James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur as the. They were let into the residence by an occupant and saw a man, identified as Donald Moreno . One of mine says Not a Liberal. Garfield led the Republican . In any bar, pub or liquor establishment in the South, Grants first drink would be free, and the rest would be 50 percent off. WHAT WAS Chester a arthur campaign slogan? Enjoy these seven examples: We hope you've enjoyed this article. . ", And it did gentle the condition and elevate the heart of every worthy soldier who fought for the Union, [applause,] and he shall be our brother forevermore. 2) Texas gets to be Texas, Missouri gets to be Missouri, New Mexico gets to be New Mexico. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. You will break through. Here are the CIA's Possible Security Guidelines For Pokmon Go, The Secrets of the White House Reflect Its History of Constancy and Change, What It Took to Get Impeached in the 14th Century, How Nevada Became the Only State Where You Can Vote for 'None of These Candidates', How the Mesmerizing 'Sibiu Eyes' Became a Protest Symbol in Romania. about the intersection of Trump and Pences initials. We gathered the boys from all our farms and shops and stores and schools and homes, from all over the Republic. From the time that he was shot to the time that he died was 80 days. Cloud DVR with no storage limits. The assassination of President Garfield will lead Chester Alan Arthur to sign in The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act. He comes behind President. Campaign slogans are short political taglines aimed at connecting politicians with voters. It was they who traveled, they who spoke, they who organized evening torchlight parades, and more. He was an ordained minister in the Disciples of Christ church. Do not make it a joke to make a decent vote. Mentor, To this day, historians condemn Hayes for this Faustian bargain: David Key was horribly unqualified for Postmastery, his short, dry tongue unsuited for stamp-licking and his thin-skinned ankles vulnerable to bites from even the smallest mailman-hating dogs. Grant would get to be the leading man in North By Northwest. . Thank you for sharing indeed great looking ! The freshness of youth, the very, springtide of life all was with you, and of you, my, neighbors, my friends, my cherished comrades You, are here, so close to my heart whatever may befall me, And then, as he had so often done before, James Garfield invited his guests to linger in friendly communion: Ladies and gentlemen, all the doors of my house are open to you. He organized and believed that the spoils system could ruin any administration during his presidency and kept it distracted from more important concerns. Comrades of the "Boys in Blue" and fellow-citizens of New York: I cannot look upon this great assemblage andthese old veteransthat have marched past us, and listen to the words of welcome from our comrade who has just spoken, without remembering how great a thing it is to live in this Union and be a part of it. Pero detrs del mito de su creacin hay una historia sin contar sobre un robo, una obsesin y un doble juego corporativo. A brave man is a man who dares to look the Devil in the face and tell him he is a Devil. The principles always work. 44060. 20 x16 Framed Print, Blac Satin Frame Off-White Digital Mat. A Congressman, Senator, or local official would hail the Republican Party and Garfield. He proposed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which was later completed and signed by his successor, Chester A. Arthur. That honor belongs to 1972 contender for the Republican nomination, John M. Ashbrook, whose logo includes a left-pointing arrow with a superimposed No symbol, meant to portray Ashbrook as the only Republican not turning leftward politically. If wrinkles must be written on our brows, let them not be written upon the heart. The quintessentially likeable hero of World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower, rose handily to the presidency in 1952 with this slogan proudly displayed on supporters' buttons across the nation. Alexander. Taking such minor parties as the Greenbackers and Prohibitionists into account, Garfield received only 48.3 percent. In January of 2024, Election season can be a stressful time of year. His predecessor Rutherford B. Hayes described Garfield as the ideal self-made man. Things don't turn up in this world until somebody turns them up. [Great applause.] He served as president from 1869-1877. The sin of slavery is one of which it may be said that without the shedding of blood there is no remission. Garfield won the northern and midwestern states while Hancock carried the South and most of the border states. Conkling's friend and protege, Chester A. Arthur, former customs collector at the Port of New York, received the party's nomination for vice president with Garfield's endorsement. The presidential campaign of 1920 was a race between Republican Senator Warren G. Harding, a newspaper editor from Ohio, and Democratic Governor James Cox, another newspaper editor from Ohio. Actor Bryan Cranston explained to CNN's Chris Wallace exactly why he believes Donald Trump's "Make America Great Again" campaign slogan can be interpreted as racist. document.documentElement.className += 'js'; In his remarks on The Future of Colored Men, Garfield spoke to 250 such citizens assembled on his lawn in October 1880. Beginning with Barack Obamas widely-recognized 2008 campaign logo, a polished, professionally designed, preferably initials-only emblem has seemingly become de rigeur for U.S. presidential campaigns. Required fields are marked *. Following President Hayes's advice, Garfield kept a low profile during the campaign. It began in the age of enlightment (renaissance). (Illustration: Farmer Garfield: Cutting a swath to the White House, 1880. Garfield was born in Orange, Ohio on November 19, 1831. On the thirty-sixth ballot, a compromise deal was made, and the Republicans rallied behind a political moderate, James Garfield of Ohio. Launched a policy of westward expansion called Manifest Destiny, named after Polks favorite dancer at the naval-themed strip joint, The Manifest. Farmers and businessmen, college students and women (unable cast ballots in 1880), immigrants and Union veterans, including a number of black veterans, came to see, came to hear, and came to meet the Republican nominee. Both his, attempts to seek the Republican nomination involved a logo that read, Bob Dole. And if it comes back to it, its yours; if it doesnt it never was., Seeing the future of the republic teetering on the edge of complete destruction, facing the bloodiest war in American history before or since, Buchanan turned to the nation and boldly declared, Well, gee. . 7) Can we trick future High School History Students into Thinking this Debate was Actually Between Lincoln and Frederick Douglass? Hang in there. It was Garfield's only major speech of his presidential campaign. [Applause.] Successfully wrested control of Oregon Territory away from the British, allowing the Boston bankers POOP and FART to finally realize their dream of hitching up a covered wagon filled entirely with bullets, slaughtering an ungodly amount of buffalo, and then, despite the local Indians helping them find fruit, dying of dysentery in the Rocky Mountains. President.. Many convictions have sunk so deep into our hearts that we can never forget them. Informacin detallada del sitio web y la empresa: blucanari.art Atelier d'art et studio graphique implant Pzenas Sud de France - Blucanari A pound of pluck is worth a ton of luck. You can also e-mail us at jaga_interpretation@nps.gov. Of course, just a day after Trumps ill-advised logo made its debut, the campaign has quietly replaced it with a more traditional, initials-free variation. Despite its popularity in the early 1800s, the party had dissolved by 1825 and was replaced by the Democratic Party and . He also fought in the Wilderness campaign and at a dozen other engagements as well. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. Two weeks ago, during Spring Break, my family and I took a trip down to Washington DC to explore our nation's. Few men in our history have ever obtained the Presidency by planning to obtain it. Though he bore the cross of dullness, Sherman might emerge as the ideal compromise candidate. . Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. The poster craze in candidateville, an 1896 political cartoon by C.J. If you love a state set it free, he explained. Kept putting off doing something about slavery and putting it off and putting it off and putting it off and calling sick until, finally, he got out of the big exam by dying of the stomach flu. In all that period of suffering and danger, no Union soldier was ever betrayed by a black man or woman. This day shall gentle his condition. 6 accounts per household included. James A. Garfield and ChesterA. In one of the closest elections on record, Garfield beat Hancock by a mere 7,368 votes, less than one-tenth of one percent of the total votes cast. Below are some snappy funny campaign slogans that will surprise you: Voting for me is like voting for you. James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur as the. Piercing Insights.. Didnt vote for himself in the election of 1876, citing that, such was his commitment to ethics, that he couldnt bring himself to vote for someone who he knew would be a terrible president. James A. Garfield. Instead of giving freed slaves 40 Acres and A Mule, decided theyd have to settle for a Ta-Nehisi Coates essay to be named later.. Taylor. ), Download the official NPS app before your next visit. A lithograph poster, .. Read More or Full Review. But behind the myth of the games creation is an untold tale of theft, obsession and corporate double-dealing. Unfortunately. Old Rough and Ready was both Zachary Taylors nickname and an ad campaign, very heavily rejected by focus groups, for Viagra. Though the terms were vague and ambiguous, pundits dubbed the conference the "Treaty of Fifth Avenue." People who had known him from his days as a student, teacher, and Civil War officer came to wish him success. Refused to break character for two full years while inhabiting the role of Daniel Day-Lewis. There can be no permanent disfranchised peasantry in the United States. Vice FOR Slogans PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 1880. James A. Garfield and Chester A. selling at amazon.com. Tried to annex Cuba, but his embarrassing failure nearly resulting in thermonuclear war 108 years later. Wrote one of the most acclaimed memoirs of all the presidents, describing his ribald, allusion-filled stream-of-consciousness adventures over the course of a single day in Dublin, Ireland, Struggling to draw his final breaths, Grant managed to finish the following final sentence of his memoir shortly before dying at the age of 63: Struggling to draw my final breaths, I managed to finish this final sentence of my memoir shortly before dying at the age of 63., Was sworn in by Chief Justice Salmon Chase. The President is the last person in the world to know what the people really want and think. [Great applause.] While Union forces have been blamed for burning Atlanta, frankly, my dear, I dont give a damn. showing PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, 1880. 20 x16 Framed Print, Blac Satin Frame Off-White Digital Mat. Youve always been free. If nothing else, the image demonstrates that campaign materials have lacked subtlety for over a hundred years. Polk was the eldest child of Samuel and Jane .
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